Breakdown of Political Philosophy:

• Poli/Polis in Political = city state

• Philo in Philosophy = Love

• Sophy in Philosophy = Knowledge

PhD

• Ph = Philosophy

• D = Doctor

to understand "Platonic Love" one must know the different kinds of love, these include "Parental Love", "Romantic Love", "Platonic Love".

"Platonic Love" not to be misinterpreted with "Lust" regardless of the gender is a kind of relationship that you would do anything for the person, but not into sexually or romantically.

Known traits of "Platonic Love"

1. Respecting each other's Boundaries

2. Expect nothing over each other

3. Never afraid to be brutally honest

Plato believes that a democratic man is much more concerned with his wealth rather than helping other people

Politics for him is a system of selfless opinion.

Plato's Ideal Gov't system comprised with Workers to produce all the necessities of life, Soldiers to defend the state, and Philosophers to rule.

Plato believes that Philosophers are the Intellectual elite and the individuals that can and knows the truth and that philosophers should direct politics.

1. Theoretical Science, Scientist who develops theories and hypotheses to explain natural phenomenon "Physics, Metaphysics" Meta = beyond, after, beyond, Physics = Nature

2. Practical Science, examples of studies: Politics and Ethics

3. Production Science, Poem

Plato's ideal system is politique

Aristotle's is to think politique based on its current condition

One of the most important philosophers of Ancient Greece who did not leave any writings of his teachings but only the works of his students Xenophon and Plato

Socrates taught Plato and Plato taught Aristotle

they invade most part of the Europe during the decline of the Western and Roman empires though invaded mostly in Roman territory.

• 1. The strongest person should be king

  2. Kings heir should be the next king

• The King died and the heir is still young, Pepin a 5th generation child asked the church for the next king and the pope told Pepin he should be the next king

• Then the church gained political authority

• Charlemagne (Pepin's son) Became an Emperor in 800 a.d. 25th of December and Christianity became an official religion

• Pope has spiritual authority

• King has Political authority

• but spiritual authority justifies political authority

• The Ancient Greece cultures (Islam = advance in technology) were excluded from christian community: Plato, Aristotle

City of the God justifies city of the King

Introduce science to the European community religion + science = birth of Theology (God)

• Discovered The law of nature (modern) and Natural Law/Natural Right (Something created by God/Reflects the will of God)

• Science (imported from Islam)

• Provided no conflict between science & religion, Both contributes to discover the truth (truth = Law of Nature) and justifies the authority of the religious power

The church has lost its political power to justify the authority of each country's politics

Pope in Rome vs Pope in Avignon

Establishment of the council, the Renaissance

Change of values

Human body's beauty

reformed by Calvin Luther

• Posting of the 95 theses was considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation

• He Criticized Indulgence (a Teaching of the Catholicism to pay money to reduce the amount of punishment )

• Provided German translation of the Bible, Latin was the only translation of the Bible an international language but was not accessible to the majority of the individuals that made the church have the superiority of having the literacy of preaching the contents of the Bible, after providing translation into German it destroyed the superiority of the church of having the only one to have the literacy

• Superior in the country for having the only literacy also in politics

In the 18th century around the french revolution, Voltaire, Rousseau, and some made the encyclopedia an information (almost like google today) made available to everyone

What is Enlightenment?

From child to adult,

• A child can not do anything without a support from an adult

• An adult can decide anything by themselves (a traditional knowledge from churches superstition) but Kant's Idea has separation from Science and Religion

Created Protestantism community political and violent somehow

Calvinist (a protestant community) from England the Puritan and from France the Huguenot caused revolution in both countries with the community and the Catholic or Royal Family

The Puritan (England) independents made the Cromwell levelers "an agreement of the people" a first description of natural rights and rights of resistance

Unlike Luther, he demanded identification between political and religion order

• Created and embraced the concept of sovereignty (separation from politics and religion) (the absolute "You can produce law without intervening of external power" and perpetual "Not temporary" power)

• Google dictionary on Sovereign: a state that administers its own government and is not subject to or dependent on another power.

• Exclude any external power from its politics

• Sovereign = human: it is not God but humans who produces law for human community

Leviathan

• Theory of right of nature (national contract, national right)

• This also the theory of sovereignty (of the people)

• Right to live (self-preservation)

  • Only (human rights not included) - “rough explanation to remember”

Rights: new concept

• Immanent to humans themselves

• This is not something given by someone else

Rights of nature

• We are created by God to have rights

State of nature

• You do anything for surviving

  1. You kill each other

  2. Everyone is in danger

• You can always be killed by someone else potentially

State of society

• We abandon our right to do anything for surviving

• Our right is limited, but we may increase the probability of self-preservation

If one expect that the others abandon their right => state of society

• But the community needs to maintain its military power against the attacks from other community

If not => stay in the state of nature

Someone who can protect us is needed => state (Leviathan)

• For this purpose, we conclude social contract with the state

  1. Social Contract or Constitution

Created the concept of human rights

20th century

• Development of human rights after WW2

  1. “Universal Declaration of HR”

• people without State have their right

• Separated from the concept of social contract

• Created the concept of citizenship

• Social-contract

• He defines two types of wills

  1. Particular will

     • For oneself

  2. General will

     • For each other

     • For everyone

• Achievement of my general will is also my achievement